Appendix

EARLY CUTLERY.

(CHAPTER 1V.. Pp. 62-66)

A scedule of goods issued from the King's wardrobe at the Tower, about fourteenth year of King Edward 111. (1340), mentions "viii cultells de Hiberto, xx parvos cultellos de Assheborne," and 11 i cultellum de Shefeld." This, and Chaucer's reference to the 1, Shefeld thwytel," are the only contemporary testimony to the existence of the cutlery manufacture, or,
indeed, of any other manufactre, at Sheffield, at that period. Notwithstanding this, Mr. Hunter (11 Hallamshire," page 59) thought there could be little doubt that knives, shears, sickles, scythes, and other edged instruments of steel were made here then. The Poll Tax of 2nd Richard 11. (1379), which gives the earliest list we have of the inhabitants of Sheffield, hardly
bears this out. While other trades are given, there is no cutler mentioned, the only possible reference to this occupation being in the name of one "Johannes Coteler," who, being assessed at the lowest sum (a. groat, that is fourpence),
was clearly in the humblest rank of life. There are more definite traces of the industry in the villages. The Ecclesfield list contains 11 Richardus Hyrigham, et Isabella utrex ejus (his wife), cotteler, vjd.', At Tinsley there is 11 Willelmus Chapman, cotteler, vjd."; and at Handsworth there are more:
11 Thomas Byrlay et Margaretta vx. ejus, cotteler ; johannes at Well, et Alicia VX. ejus, cotteler; Thomas Hauk, et Beatrix vx. ejus, coteler." And here, too, we have 11 Johannes Cotelar, et Johanna, vx. ejus, bakester," and 11 Johannes Cotelar junior" -evidently their son. We may perhaps be justified in guessing that this John and his son worked in the smithy, while Joan supplied bread to her neighbours. In that case we have five cutlers at Handsworth, and while three of them were men of substance, taxed at sixpence (John, junior, as only an assistant to his father, got off for fourpence), Thomas Hauk was a manufacturer of consideration, for he was assessed at 12d. These names serve to indicate that the cutlery industry, so far as it existed here, was located in the villages round the town, rather than in the town itself (see page 65). And a comparison of the names of 1379 with lists of inhabitants in later centuries seems to show that the families who afterwards made Sheffield cutlery famous were not indigenous, but were drawn into the town from outside, long subsequent to Chaucer's time. So far as the cutlery trade existed in this neighbourhood in
1379, it was a Hallamshire rather than a Sheffield industry, but even there so small as to make us wonder how it came to be mentioned in the " Canterbury Tales."
The Poll Tax Of 1379 is further instructive as showing the low social condition of Sheffield. There were only forty-two inhabitants of a standing that subjected them to a higher assessment than fourpence, and only five of these were taxed above sixpence. The comparison with Rotherham-which was nearer the great trunk roads, and not in an out-of-the-way corner like Sheffieldshows that although its inhabitants were fewer, a far larger proportion of them were of superior rank. The following table, which includes also Ecclesfield parish, makes this clear:
1739. SHEFFIELD. ROTHERHAM. ECCLESFIRLD.
Estimated Population 792 535 555
Persons assessed.. 354 238 244
at 4d. 312 189 218
at 6d. 37 30 17
at 1s. 3 13 4
over 1s 2 6 6
Yield of Tax .. 6 25. 2d. 5 168. 8d. 6 12S. 6d.
Doncaster yielded 1 11 13s. 6d. In Sheffield there were only twenty workmen or assistants and eleven maids employed; in Rotherham there were twenty-two male and twenty female dependents. The trades tell the same tale. There were in Sheffield three farmers, one " marchant de beest " (cattle dealer), nine smiths, six " flessehewers " (butchers), five tailors, three cordwainers or soutars (cobblers), two coopers, two wrights and two walkers (fullers), with one each webster (weaver), glover, saddler, skinner, locksmyth, slater, bakster (baker),
and " marifer." It is not known what a " marifer " was. Rotherham, besides these, had two merchants, two tanners, three " ostelers " (innkeepers), three drapers, two spicers, an ironmonger, a lyster (dyer), a mason, a chaloner, a maltmaker, a carpenter, and a cartwright-several of them mulcted in high assessments. (For further particulars see the Sheffield Independent of February
25, March 2 and 9, 1901.)

TRAMWAYS

(pp. 84, 85.)
Credit for making the wooden tramlines, destroyed by rioters in 1774, has been given (" Local Notes and Queries," April 6, 1876) to one Furniss, or Furness, employed by the Duke of Norfolk. Wooden-ways of this kind had, however, been in use previously in the neighbourhood of Newcastle. After the outbreak in
1774, Mr. John Curr, the Duke's manager, laid plates of cast-iron, made to his pattern by Mr. James Outram, of Ripley. The arrangement not proving satisfacftory, Outram devised plates with a flange, to keep the trucks on the track, and laid them on cross wooden sleepers. These sleepers having been maliciously torn up, were replaced, first, by cast-iron boxes, and then, these being also destroyed, by stone blocks. In this form "Outram-ways" (whence tramways) were largely employed in the colliery districts of the Midlands, South Wales, and other parts. They were long preferred to the " edge-rails " on which trucks with flanged wheels ran, invented by Mr. William jessop, partner with Benjamin Outram (james's son) in the Butterley Iron Works. jessop's plan, however, approximates more nearly in its essential features to our present tramlines and railways than Outram's plate system. (See Sheffield Independent, March 23, 1901.)

The connection between the old taverns and the Church is striking. In almost all cases there was attached to the property, and sold with it on changing hands, the freehold of pew or sittings in the Parish Church (P. 245). And the sons or other descendants of not a few landlords took orders. One of Christopher Pegg's daughters (" Rose and Crown," pp. 277, 282) married, as her second husband, the Rev. John Baines, one of the assistant ministers of the Parish Church, and his granddaughter was the wife of the Rev. William Hedges, rector of Thrybergh. The son of Stephen Newton, butcher, who bought the " George and Dragon " in 169o (page 280), became vicar of Hutton Bushell, and afterwards of Brotherton, both in Yorkshire.
The "King's Head " was strongly clerical. The Rev. John Dickenson, assistant minister at the Parish Church and curate of Ecclesall from 1752 to 1766, was the son of the thrice married landlady of this inn (page 283). The Rev. John Webster, Senior Wrangler and First Chancellor's Medallist in 1756, was the son of Leonard Webster, of the " King's Head," by his first wife (pp. 283-4). By his second wife, Hannah Wright, the widow of the first carrier between Sheffield and London, Leon ard Webster came into possession of the Manor Laithes Farm, and near there, on the ridge of the Park hill, he built a summer-house as a study for the Rev. John Webster. Leonard Webster's daughter, Mary, married Mr. John Hawksley, surgeon, of Change Alley; and their son, the Rev. John Webster Hawksley, of Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, inherited his grandfather's property, which included much in the in the neighborhood of Change Alley, besides the
"King's Head."
And while speaking of the clergy, it may be added that the son and heir of Mr. Andrew Raynes (or Raines), surgeon, of High Street (pages 178 and 270), was the Rev. Edward Robert Raynes, of Lewes, Sussex; that William Brookes, periwig maker (pp. 274-5), married the daughter of the Rev. John Dossie, vicar of Sheffield from 1713 to 1754, and governor of the Shrewsbury Hospital for fifty years; and that the Rev. Charles Steer, rector of Handsworth, 1740-1752, was brother of Benjamin Steer, mercer, in the Market Place.
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
Page 10, third line from bottom, for " Angel " read "Rose and Crown."
115, line 22, for "Angel" read "Rose and Grown".
264, six, do. do. do.
92. one, read 'But happily that, and the failure, in 1846, of the
Sheffield and Retford Bank, which had taken

over the business of Rimington and Younge's
Bank in 1843,
were the last experiences," &c.
198, line 27, for " Henry Hufton," read " Anthony Hufton."
265, line two, for " south," read "north."
14, % omit "or Prior Row."
277-8. "Rose and Crown," Waingate. An advertisement in the
Sheffield
Iris. June 29, 1813, offering this house
to be let, speaks of it as
removed from High Street.
There is " (says the advertisement) " a
regular set
of very respectable customers, and every prospect of

its becoming. in a short time, one of the best
lodging-houses for
travellers and coach passengers,
as the situation and conveniences are
entirely adapted
for such a purpose." The landlords were: 1813,

John Spencer; 1818, William Slack; 1821,
Henry Healy; 1825, Job
Stevenson; 1828,
Richard White; 1837, George Hartley.

*

* This out of copyright material has been transcribed by Eric Youle, who has
*
* provided the transcription on condition that any further copying and
*
* distribution of the transcription is allowed only for noncommercial
*
* purposes, and includes this statement in its entirety. Any references to,

*

* or quotations from, this material should give credit to the original
*
* author(s) or editors.
*